Essay Misunderstandings of a Foreigner in American Culture

I still remember the shock I got when I first moved here. What a terribly superficial culture this country has, I thought. The way people treat each other, especially in conversations! At the beginning they ask you: How are you? But beware! They dont really want to know how you are, and if you make the mistake of actually giving them a detailed account of your well-being, theyll shun you for weeks. On the other hand, youre required to immediately embrace all new acquaintances with the standard Nice to meet you. Maybe you werent even in the mood to meet somebody at this particular moment, and if she or he turns out to be just another perfectly intolerable human being, then you lied to the entire world around you! I had some serious†¦show more content†¦Personally, I dont think so. Where I come from, we prefer the rude method of saying exactly what we think and getting it over with. Not unfairly have we Germans earned the reputation of getting things done efficiently... Thinking about my first years here gives me quite a different perspective towards the issue of gendered communication than what the typical American citizen might have. Although I agree that we have to take into consideration that men and women are fundamentally different, to blame all misunderstandings and miscommunications on this fact is not accurate. Two very popular authors, Deborah Tannen, who has impressive credentials as a linguistics professor, and John Gray, of whom almost everybody has heard of by now, claim the different use of language by the opposite sexes to be the root of all evil in arguments. I believe that miscommunication between men and women is only a small portion of the whole problematic issue, which is not specifically gender?related. We have to look beyond the obvious differences to get to the real sources of complications during conversations and to find a solution to this wide-spread problem. Men and women can very well communicate to be understood if they only want to, and so can everybody else. The best place to start improving communication is with the biggest troublemaker in your life: yourself. We could eliminate some unnecessary misunderstandingsShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Communications: Cultural Stereotypes And Communication With Foreigners1807 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween culture and communication is quite strong with the former having substantial influence on the later. Basically, all forms of communications take place under a cultural context since the linguistic features are influenced by the same. Aspects of greetings, gratitude, taking leave, and complimenting, requesting, giving apologies, turn-taking and apologizing are all achieved through some form of communication, either verbal of non-verbal. As such they cannot escape the touch of culture. AccomplishingRead MoreThe Cultural Differences Of International Marketing1255 Words   |  6 Pagesthe cultural differences. Every marketing firm should delve into, appreciate and evaluate the cultural differences that exist between different countries. According to Lancaster et al (2002), there are numerous components of a country’s overall culture including religion, education and aesthetic appreciation. During the last twenty years, the need for deeper cross cultural awareness is constantly growing and it has become a very significant element in enhancing and facilitating the marketing activitiesRead MoreThe Latino Threat Narrative By Chavez828 Words   |  4 Pagesstrikes which raised the alarm of the national identity crisis of the United States in 2011, meanwhile, it also further threatens the survival and image of Latino unlimitedly. When the American witnessed the tragedy and the danger of their country in 911, their patriotism leads them to perceive the foreigners, specially the Latino and Mexican as a threat, heresy or even enemy who threaten the stability and security of the national identity. Due to the rapid growth of the Latino population in theRead MoreEssay on Probl ems with American Education Today589 Words   |  3 Pagesstakes tests, and laws forcing students to say the pledge of allegiance and take a course in U.S patriotism. In first paragraph, he explained that high school students need to know about US history but at the same time they need to know about other cultures because the education is becoming narrower and students becoming less knowledge. For example, instead students learn about America or Europe history, they need to know about Asia and Africa history. In addition Professor Martha support his idea aboutRead MoreAmerican Education System Of Education852 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the author, most of the foreigners studying in this country find it difficult to understand the American system of education and the how to cope with American students. To make foreign students understand and able to cope with the American higher education system, the author explains some assumption that is behind the education system. He n oted that American higher education system has a connection with both the mechanical feature and the cultural beliefs, but not intellectual onlyRead MoreCultural Adoption : Looking Through A New Lens1425 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Adoption: Looking Through a New Lens A culture is defined by those who practice its every day customs, language, traditions, and uphold its beliefs, but one does not have to be of that culture by birth to do these things. In a world of highly-technologized media, social apparatuses, and widespread ideas, one would think that the prospect of cultural misunderstandings would be nil in their effects toward modern society, however, somehow these plaguing stereotypes, generalizations, and inaccurateRead More Globalization in the World Today Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal economic cooperation, culture will have a great impact on the relationships and the operations. Edward H. Schein states it perfectly: Consider any complex, potentially volatile issue-Arab relations, the problems between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians, corporate decision-making, getting control of U.S. deficit or health care coasts, labor/management relations, and so on. At the root of the issue we are likely to find communication failures and cultural misunderstandings that prevent the parties fromRead MoreAlmost French1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe French culture as best as she can. She comes to realize she is different due to how and where she was raised, but improves and adjusts gradually while she has continuous lessons in everyday life. I believe the main idea of her novel is her current state of being almost French, but never completely or fully there. Part 2 (Culture) 1. Seeing Frederic’s apartment for the first time and sharing their first at-home dinner, Sarah Turnbull, influenced by her own Australian culture, makes certainRead MoreLost in Translation: Analysis of Corruption in Chinglish1032 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Lost in Translation: Corruption in Chinglish Chinglish is a 2011 American play written by David Henry Hwang that highlights the difficulties an American businessman encounters when attempting to secure a sign-making contract in China. In the play, Daniel Cavanaugh, the owner of Ohio Signage must learn to navigate the cultural and business waters of China. Daniel hopes to earn a contract to make the signs for the Cultural Center with the help of Peter Timms, a professor and self-proclaimed culturalRead MoreMultilingualism and European Commission1055 Words   |  5 PagesAbout 250 million years ago, Pangà ¦a the supercontinent was split up and eventually settled on the current continental configuration. As civilization flourished, the inhabitants developed their own language and culture on each continent. However, trading and getting along with the neighboring communities forced many groups to learn more than their mother tongue. This pragmatic use of multilingualism is especially evident in Sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the bene fits of mastering more than one language

Analysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley - 1590 Words

Marilyn Monroe, born Norma Jeane Mortensen, is one of Hollywood’s most famed actresses and sex symbols (Biography.com Editors). Typically cast in the â€Å"dumb-blonde† roles, Monroe appeared â€Å"sensual and at ease† in front of cameras (Henrikson). With an idiosyncratic sense of humor and sly wit, Monroe’s true personality was not reflected in the stereotypical characters she portrayed (Biography.com Editors). Despite her fame and popularity, Monroe faced numerous struggles throughout her life until her death, a drug overdose, in 1962. In this sense, she was actually quite similar to Frankenstein’s monster from the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley. The monster is brought to life by Victor Frankenstein only to be abandoned moments after his†¦show more content†¦Monroe was also very insecure about her acting abilities (Biography.com Editors). Monroe’s illnesses and insecurities led to frequent tardiness on set and a hatred of l ive shows, which then led many people in Hollywood to consider her a â€Å"difficult† actress (Henrikson). In a desperate attempt to cure her depression and anxiety, Monroe resorted to drugs and eventually became addicted (Henrikson). This drug addiction led to Monroe’s apparent suicide caused by a drug overdose in 1962 (History.com Staff). Despite facing this long list of struggles, Monroe continued acting and even got professional help. In 1961, Monroe admitted herself to the Payne-Whitney Clinic in New York, but soon transferred to Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (Doll). Several conspiracy theories have arisen over the decades regarding Monroe’s apparent suicide, some claim that her psychiatrists messed up her prescription and killed her accidentally, while one of the most popular theories is that she was murdered by the Kennedys (Henrikson). Regardless of whether these theories are true, Monroe was an incredible woman with amazing â€Å"strength and re silience† to be able to accomplish all that she did, despite the struggles she faced. Frankenstein’s monster is actually quite similar to Monroe in the sense that he also faced many difficulties throughout his short life. The monster’s struggles begin the moment he is created when Victor Frankenstein, filled with â€Å"breathless horror andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Frankenstein Literary Analysis Power is the ability to control something or someone into doing what is given. Knowledge is the understanding of an idea, but not yet following through with it. You can have knowledge without power but the two combined usually result in a better outcome. Victor creates a monster which goes on rampages after they go separate ways. Because Victor originally left it and never later took control of it, unfortunate consequences occurred. In Frankenstein, by Mary ShelleyRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1755 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein An Analysis of the use of knowledge In the novel Frankenstein by Marry Shelley, it is apparent that a lack of knowledge along with an abundance of knowledge can lead to the destruction of relationships that are ideal for a happy life. The theme of corruption through knowledge is a recurring literary device throughout the novel. This corruption compels the reader to question whether or not it is beneficial to have the vast amount of knowledge that Victor has. Knowledge is a powerfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1948 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many critical analyses to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Two of these analyses bring forth varied interpretations. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar wrote â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Monstrous Eve.† Anne K. Mellor wrote â€Å"Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein.† Gilbert and Gubar argue that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein from the influence of her family in order to represent her personal life and life events. Mellor argues that the author wrote Frankenstein in order to represent many themes uponRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and how accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreAnalysis Of Prometheus And Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesPrometheus and Frankenstein both written in two different centuries I will show that our mentality hasn’t changes much in regards to monsters. While Prometheus and Frankenstein are, both consider monsters, Prometheus deals with trying to help humanity and Frankenstein deals with trying to find an understanding of why he was created. Both are considered monsters because of their actions. In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, there is an article entitled Psychoanalytic Criticism and Frankenstein. In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1449 Words   |  6 PagesDuality Makes The Man: What It Takes to Be Human in Frankenstein In her nineteenth century novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley explores the characteristics of humanity, illuminates societal influences on development, and challenges the traditional biological definition of human through character developments and interactions. Particularly, she focuses on the characterization of the creature and his creator, pitting an ugly, malformed giant against an educated, dedicated scientist to establish a surprisingRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1372 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity. Although not in the technological age, the characters in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, experience isolation due to bad choices or the opinions of society. Yet, the true evil in Frankenstein is not the characters, but isolation itself. When one is disengaged from family and society, egotism, violence, and revenge occur. Victor Frankenstein decides to abandon his family for six years in order to focus on his quest for glory. Frankenstein became focused on creating a scientific miracle that he isolatesRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay2155 Words   |  9 Pagesmain agenda could orchestrate catastrophic repercussions to the human populations. Mary Shelley’s work â€Å"Frankenstein† although over two-hundred years old, remains at the pinnacle of irresponsible innovation that wreaks havoc to the human population. In the â€Å"Jurassic Park,† an aspect of mad science that deteriorates the stability of life is depicted. Both Michael Clinton’s â€Å"Jurassic Park† and Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† extensively explore the role of man in maintaining and sustaining life. The two

Value Accounting In Historical Perspective â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Accounting In Historical Perspective? Answer: Introducation As per the cost model, the value of the asset is carried out at the the purchase cost reduced by the accumulated impairment and depreciation. On the contrary, as per the revaluation approach the assets is carried out at the revalued value that is the fair value of the asset reduced by the amount of impairment and depreciation, with the condition that the fair value of the asset can be reliably measured. Under revaluation approach the activities of revaluation shall be regularly carried out so that carrying amount for the asset shall not differ from the fair value of the asset materially under the balance sheet, however, under the cost approach it is not like that. The major difference among the two model is that under cost model the value of the non-current asset are measured at the price that is spend for acquiring the asset whereas under the revaluation model, assets are recorded at the fair value that is the estimated market value (Goh et al., 2015). Reasons behind non-revaluation of asset by the directors Various reasons may be there for not adopting the revaluation model for the equipment, property and plant. However, evaluating the main motivation behind not adopting revaluation model is not an easy job. If the assets are measured as per the cost model, the depreciation to be provided will be at lesser amount (Mller, Riedl Sellhorn, 2015). Therefore, the amount of sale as well as profit will be higher. Thus, one probable motivation for non-revaluation is to show the asset at lower amount that will improve the companys return on asset ratio. Further, while selling the asset it will be difficult to assess the value under different market scenario that may lead to lesser amount of value comparing with the revaluation value. If assets are not considered for revaluation, it will b shown under the balance sheet at lower value if compared with the cost model and the directors may feel that for accounting purpose applying the cost model is more relevant (Hu, Percy Yao, 2015). However, amo ng others few reasons behind non-revaluation may be as follows Three dimensional approaches the cot model is considered as the three dimensional puzzle against the puzzle. Reports, calculation and accounts may be viewed and manipulated with various other angles. Further, the management can evaluate the data on the basis of various criteria that can be used to value the asset which may guide to allocate the assets, set the price and assume the risk and capital (Picker et al., 2016). Labour cost the directors may be in the view that the labour cost can be monitored and controlled easily under cost accounting as compared to the revaluation approach. Based on the business nature, the expenses for wages and salaries can be analysed from contracts, jobs, orders, sub-departments and departments through the cost model approach only. It means the management can select how the productivity or efficiency is to be determined. This plays crucial role while estimating the performance of individual employees as well as the marginal productivity. However, all these activities can be smoothly performed under the cost valuation model and therefore, the director may not be motivated to adopt the revaluation model (Wali, 2015). Conservative the cost model does not take into consideration the business records, profits from the asset appreciation and that is not yet taken place and will be recognized through the current value for sale in the market. If the assets are stated at the revaluation model, it will leave a scope for the management to restate the figures that will enable them to achieve personal gain. Consistency and simplicity the directors may be in the view that the cost model can be more consistent and simpler to value the assets as it is difficult to reassess the value of the assets on regular basis as per the changing scenario of the market. Further, though the financial statements are used by the shareholder and various other users for the financial performance projections, however, this is not the only reason of financial statement analysis where only the past record are considered. Non-revaluation impact on the financial statement of the company The main drawback of not adopting the revaluation model is the cost model does not take into consideration the effect of changes in the prices for property equipment and plant. Further, the book values that are considered under the cost model may be the out of date for cost. This creates more problems when the assets are purchased. In the same way, they are aware about the proceeds they are receiving for their obligations (Small, Yaseen Schmidt, 2016). Therefore, the historical cost method is considered as an objective method as the subjective forecasting is not taken into consideration. Other impacts for not adopting the revaluation model are as follows Under the cost model the performance of the company are based on only the past records and the changes in the market are not taken into consideration. Cost for the current year will not be similar to the previous year, therefore, the revaluation model will be most appropriate in comparison with the cost model (Sellhorn Stier, 2017). If the management of the company chooses the cost model as against the revaluation model, the costs will be absorbed based on the rate that is pre-determined. It will result into under absorption or over absorption of the cost related to overheads. Various problems related to motion and times study, work study and the operational research can be solved Further, surplus amount generated from the revaluation of asset can be credited to the amount of retained earnings at the time while the asset will be derecognized. Moreover, the difference in depreciation amount calculated on fair value of the asset and revalued amount of asset can be debited from the retained earnings while the asset is still under use. Moreover, the company may decide about the thing that whether the surplus arising from the revaluation of property, equipment and plant is to be allocated among the shareholders or not. There is no hard and fast rule to allocate the profit among the shareholders; however, if the company decides to do so or not to do so, it may do on its own discretion. To solve the problem regarding whether to distribute or not to distribute the surpluses the company may charge or credit the differences arising from difference in depreciation amount calculated on fair value of the asset and revalued amount of asset to the amount of retained earnings (Mogylova, 2014). Further, as per AASB 116, one of the most important aspect of of using the revaluation model is to present the asset at the financial statement as per the market value and to assure the fact that the asset is not represent at the value that is martially different from the market value. As the cost model does not take into consideration the actual value of the asset, the users of the financial statement will misinterpret the performance and value of the items (Liang Riedl, 2013). Moreover, it will not enable the investors to take investment related decisions based on the value stated in the financial statement based on the historical value. Further, it will have an impact on the revenue statement as the actual profit will not be represented which in turn will misrepresent the performance and financial position of the company. Therefore, if the directors do not adopt the revaluation model it will have big impact on companys financial statement. Adverse effect on shareholders wealth for non-revaluation As per the conceptual framework of AASB 136, the financial statement at any point of time shall express the fair value of the property, equipment and plant as important decisions are taken based on that. Therefore, the revalued figure of the assets is considered to be more appropriate approach. Some crucial aspects on the wealth of the shareholders that are valued as per the cost model are as follows The revalued model assists in analyzing the value for internal as well as external reconstruction (Jack, 2015). The lesser amount of depreciation under the cost model will lead to higher level of profit which in turn will enable the company to distribute higher dividend. However, when the actual value will be revealed, it will affect the shareholders wealth Lower depreciation will not provide enough amounts for replacing the asset in future. Therefore, if the asset is required to be replaced it will be taken from the shareholders wealth as the accumulated depreciation will not be sufficient for the replacement of the asset. The actual value or the fair value will enable the company to bargain for correct value while the company goes for merger or acquisition by any other company. The revalued asset assists the company to analyse the value of the asset for leaseback and lease transactions (Jack, 2015). Further, the revalued figure of the asset enable the company to enhance the borrowing capacity of the organization, enhance the growth of the company, maintaining the liquidity and issue of the bonus shares. Therefore, the revaluation model will enable the company to present the financial data more transparently and more accurately and not adopting the revaluation model will have large impact on the shareholders wealth. Plant, equipment and property analysis - Aristocrat Leisure Limited The Aristocrat Leisure Limited is the manufacturer of gambling machine from Australia that has the administrative centre in North Rydes Sydney suburb. However, major part of the development and research is done in the North Ryde site of the company. Through analysis of the financial statement of Aristocrat Leisure Limited, it was found that the carrying value of companys equipment, plant and property was amounted to $ 217.50 million for the financial year ended 2016 as compared to $ 203.50 million for the financial year ended 2015. The company measures all the equipment, plant and property at the historical value reduced by the accumulated impairment, amortisation and depreciation value. Further, the amortisation, depreciation useful life of property, equipment and plant are treated as having 1 to 10 years of useful life and the depreciation is provided on the straight-line method. However, for the financial year ended 2016, the company reassessed the gaming operation machines useful life. The reassessment changed the expense estimates for depreciation expenses by $ 25.10 million (Aristocrat.com, 2017). Further, while the asset is derecognized for the purpose of sale or disposed off or when no further economic benefits are expected from the assets. Losses or gains from the disposal are evaluated through comparison of disposal proceeds with the assets carrying amount and then identified under the other income from the profit and loss statement during which the disposal takes place. The conceptual framework of AASB and IFRS focuses on the financial statements faithful representation that will fundamentally enhance the report useful for the required purpose of the users and make it more transparent. The conceptual framework of AASB requires that the financial statement of the company to be presented in faithful manner the report must be complete, neutral accurate and concise in all respect and further it shall be free from error, fraud and material misstatement. It has been recognized while going through the financial statement of Aristocrat Leisure Limited for the year ended 2016 that the company present their equipment, property and plant as per cost model. Therefore, to present it more accurately it shall adopt the revaluation approach that will further enable it to represent the true picture of the companys performance. Thus, it can be said that the financial statement of the company with regard to presenting the equipment, property and plant will be more pre cise and accurate rather than valuing it on the cost model. Reference Aristocrat.com. (2017). Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.amcor.com/investor-centre/company-performance-news/reports [Accessed 25 Sept. 2017]. Goh, B. W., Li, D., Ng, J., Yong, K. O. (2015). Market pricing of banks fair value assets reported under SFAS 157 since the 2008 financial crisis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(2), 129-145. Hu, F., Percy, M., Yao, D. (2015). Asset revaluations and earnings management: Evidence from Australian companies.Corporate Ownership and Control,13(1), 930-939. Jack, L. (2015). Book Review: Fair value accounting in historical perspective.Accounting Review,90(2), 825-828. Liang, L., Riedl, E. J. (2013). The effect of fair value versus historical cost reporting model on analyst forecast accuracy.The Accounting Review,89(3), 1151-1177. Mogylova, M. (2014). Institutional provision of agricultural fixed assets revaluation up-to-date.Accounting and Finance, (2), 167-172. Mller, M. A., Riedl, E. J., Sellhorn, T. (2015). Recognition versus disclosure of fair values.The Accounting Review,90(6), 2411-2447. Picker, R., Clark, K., Dunn, J., Kolitz, D., Livne, G., Loftus, J., Van der Tas, L. (2016).Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons. Sellhorn, T., Stier, C. (2017). Fair Value Measurement for Long-Lived Operating Assets: Research Evidence. Wali, S. (2015). Mechanisms of corporate governance and fixed asset revaluation.International Journal of Accounting and Finance,5(1), 82-97. Small, R., Yaseen, Y., Schmidt, L. (2016). Amortisation of intangible assets: accounting technical.Professional Accountant,2016(28), 16-17.

Kodak and Fujifilm free essay sample

Growing up in a family that loves taking pictures and capturing moments. Kodak and Fujifilm played a huge role and are known companies to me and to many other households around the world. When it comes to the history and the competition few people know. The difference in management strategies plays a key role in the way the two companies’ embraced innovation. Complacency and slow adaptation dominated in Kodak Company while Fujifilm embraced innovation spirit and diversified in all aspects to ensure market relevance. Each of the company’s approach to ethics and social responsibility clearly reflects in both company’s profitability. With an aim to give back to the community and exercise ethical practices, production standards were maintained that satisfied consumers on both ends. A possible change of decision-making process that could embrace flexibility would be the best way to ensure diversity and innovation in any organization History George Eastman who was the founder of Kodak built a foundation of business on four basic principles: mass production at low cost international distribution, extensive advertising and focus on the customer at the age of fourteen he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. (Kodak) Kodak went on to become one of the biggest expanding the major impact it brought to pictures. It grew into helping the health industry by devising films that detected radiation exposure for developing the atomic bomb. (Kodak) Kodak went on to play significant roles with joint ventures from Nasa, Sun Chemical, and other big ventures. By 1962 the company’s U. S. consolidated sales exceed $1 billion for the first time. Its work force tops 75,000. Today Kodak’s estimated total market capitalization is about $900 million (Forbes) Kodak was a pioneer of photography and imaging and that was its core business. Kodak came before Fujifilm and was able to evolve and adapt quickly to the market changes. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and in January 2013 it exited bankruptcy. Kodak’s downfall I think was that it was not able to keep up with the technology changes and multiple new waves of how it evolved. Ethics and social responsibility was on its side because of the good it did for the world through the company’s research and the profit margin showed that. Being able to help NASA and hospitals showed there ethical practices. Customers were satisfied and they trusted the brand. Obviously for them to have gone bankrupt means there was a breakdown in financial strategies and decision making. Fujifilm was established in 1934 with the aim of producing photographic films. Over the decades we have diversified into new markets and built a strong presence around the globe. It was founded by (Fujifilm. com) It emerged with its photographic film manufacturing industry and then began operating, producing photographic film, print paper, dry plates, and other photosensitive materials. It went through several name changes starting as Fuji Photo film and ending up as Fujifilm. Fujifilm may have started as a manufacturer of photographic film, but the companys decision to branch into many areas of business including a transition to a digital camera manufacturer in the past several years has been a successful one. (camersabout. com) Fuji has crossed over into hospitals providing x-rays and medical imaging. Fujifilm has offered photographic film, motion picture film, color reversal film slides, microfilm, color negatives, 8mm motion picture film, and videotape. Beyond film, the company also has offered computer storage tape, computer floppy disks, and offset printing plates. Fujifilm made its first digital still camera in 1988, the DS-1P, and it was the worlds first digital camera with removable media. The company also created the first one-time-use recyclable film camera, the Quick Snap, in 1986. (Cameras about. com) Fuji dominated overseas and has embraced change and diversity to become a more effective force for a better future. Fujifilm has continued to maximize other resources effectively to achieve healthy growth.. In 2007, Fujifilm cameras ranked eighth worldwide in number of digital cameras manufactured, with about 8. 3 million units, according to a Techno Systems Research report. Fujifilm cameras, sometimes shortened to Fuji cameras, held a market share of about 6. 3%. (fujifilm. com) they too have been innovators and there management strategies have kept them on top and out of trouble such as bankruptcy. Kodak was not quick as Fuji was to adapt and they adapted quickly to stay well liked in the marketplace. They went from just hot in Japan to being second in the lead below Kodak in film usage, Both companies show what their approach to ethics and social responsibility are by their profits and success. It takes good decision making, quick turn around, and constant change to ensure diversity with any company. Flexibility, the right marketing, and speed are important in decision making. Fuji was smart and aggressive going from overseas to the global market with their low prices that made for a powerful marketing strategy. 1984 Los Angeles Olympics put them on the map when they became the official film of the event. Kodak made bad investments that caused them to eventually go bankrupt. It acquired Sterling drug for 1. 5 billion in January of 1988 and it turned out to be a bad investment and they wind up selling it off. Once it started falling the CEO was not able to revive it. Both companies made photography and imaging as their core business but Fuji even though it started later had the better adaptability. Fuji stayed reinventing itself and evolved with the change to invent better products. Kodak seems to come to a standstill even when the smart phone was introduced. When making decisions to build in flexibility you need to access the option, define the problem, adjust your approach and have innovative thinking. (Houston chronicle, by Amber Keefer, Demand Media) Before proceeding with you of action you have to choose an adequate course of action, and then you define the problem. Gather information, evaluating possible solutions and estimating the outcomes are crucial steps in the decision-making process. The objective is to take a situation from its current circumstances and move it toward a future goal. When making decisions you have to understand what you need to change and come up with ideas on how to improve the situation. After analyzing the problem, the next step is to find a solution before making a decision and implementing changes. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options available. Think about the value of the actions you can take. After you decide on a solution, you might want to change your approach.. Evaluate new information as it becomes available to you. Flexibility in decision making allows you to learn from your mistakes and then move toward a successful outcome. When you prepare to implement change, it is important to consider your organization’s future needs and objectives. You have to consider various options as solutions to a problem tend to put more thought into making decisions. Critical thinking is important. Flexibility in problem solving is key and involves interpreting information, drawing conclusions and considering the implications. A decision maker must identify weaknesses of the situation and move to remove it from the equation. Then finally as you approach the final decision change often requires adjusting your approach to meet the unexpected. Keeping an open mind is important when considering the overall situation and looking at all facets of the problem. Building flexibility in decision making requires that you be receptive to change. Even the best-laid plans hit unanticipated obstacles. The key is to know when to adjust your approach. Effective decision makers demonstrate the ability to shift priorities as the need arises and show a willingness to achieve objectives by taking advantage of new opportunities. (Houston chronicle, by Amber Keefer, Demand Media) Kodak was first out the door in the business industry but made some financial mistakes that cost them in the end. They were not fast paced like Fuji with keeping up with the industryand keeping their technology current. Fuji looked for newer marketing strategies to please their customers and kept evolving. That would explain their success today. , Fujifilm has transformed itself into a solidly profitable business, with a market capitalization, even after a rough year, of some $12. 6 billion to Kodak’s $220m (petapixel. com) Kodak filed a lawsuit against Fuji claiming they had infringed on Kodak’s digital photography patents.

arts Essays (219 words) - Applied Ethics, Euthenics, Business Ethics

As recently as a decade ago, many companies viewed business ethics only in terms of administrative compliance with legal standards and adherence to internal rules and regulations. Today the situation is different. Attention to business ethics is on the rise across the world and many companies realize that in order to succeed, they must earn the respect and confidence of their customers. Like never before, corporations are being asked, encouraged and prodded to improve their business practices to emphasize legal and ethical behavior. Companies, professional firms and individuals alike are being held increasingly accountable for their actions, as demand grows for higher standards of corporate social responsibility. Individual companies dont really have to deal with the work ethics issue alone. Government legislation gives corporations foundational guidelines for ethical behavior in the workplace. Government legislation about ethical behavior in the workplace also helps to hold companies accountable for the treatment of their employees (Brems, 2009). Who is responsible for acting ethically? Is it the manager, the "company," the stockholders? Ultimately, it is every individual. Each person is responsible for his or her own actions, including professional ethics (May, 2004). An ethical business environment can encompass any work-related concern from discrimination to fraud. In order to create a work environment that reflects ethical behaviors and social responsibility a company ...

Copia and Copiousness in Rhetoric

Copia and Copiousness in Rhetoric The rhetorical term copia refers to expansive richness and amplification as a stylistic goal. Also called  copiousness and abundances.  In Renaissance rhetoric, the figures of speech were recommended as ways to vary students means of expression and develop copia.  Copia (from the Latin for abundance) is the title of an influential rhetoric text published in 1512 by Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus. Pronunciation: KO-pee-ya Examples and Observations Because ancient rhetoricians believed that language was a powerful force for persuasion, they urged their students to develop copia in all parts of their art. Copia can be loosely translated from Latin to mean an abundant and ready supply of language- something appropriate to say or write whenever the occasion arises. Ancient teaching about rhetoric is everywhere infused with the notions of expansiveness, amplification, abundance.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Modern Students. Pearson, 2004)Erasmus on Copia- Erasmus is one of the early enunciators of that sanest of all precepts about writing: write, write, and again write. He also recommends the exercise of keeping a commonplace book; of paraphrasing poetry into prose, and vice versa; of rendering the same subject in two or more styles; of proving a proposition along several different lines of argument; and of construing from Latin into Greek...The first book of De Copia showed the student how to use the sche mes and tropes (elocutio) for the purpose of variation; the second book instructed the student in the use of topics (inventio) for the same purpose...By way of illustrating copia, Erasmus in Chapter 33 of Book One presents 150 variations of the sentence Tuae literae me magnopere delectarunt [Your letter has pleased me greatly]...(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999)- If I am truly that peace so extolled by God and by men; if I am really the source, the nourishing mother, the preserver and the protector of all good things in which heaven and earth abound;... if nothing pure or holy, nothing that is agreeable to God or to men can be established on earth without my help; if, on the other hand, war is incontestably the essential cause of all the disasters which fall upon the universe and this plague withers at a glance everything that grows; if, because of war, all that grew and ripened in the course of t he ages suddenly collapses and is turned into ruins; if war tears down everything that is maintained at the cost of the most painful efforts; if it destroys things that were most firmly established; if it poisons everything that is holy and everything that is sweet; if, in short, war is abominable to the point of annihilating all virtue, all goodness in the hearts of men, and if nothing is more deadly for them, nothing more hateful to God than war- then, in the name of this immortal God I ask: who is capable of believing without great difficulty that those who instigate it, who barely possess the light of reason, whom one sees exerting themselves with such stubbornness, such fervor, such cunning, and at the cost of such effort and danger, to drive me away and pay so much for the overwhelming anxieties and the evils that result from war- who can believe that such persons are still truly men?(Erasmus, The Complaint of Peace, 1521)- In the right spirit of playfulness and experimentatio n, Erasmuss exercise can be both fun and instructive. Although Erasmus and his contemporaries clearly were delighted by language variation and exuberance (think of Shakespeares indulgence in his comedies), the idea was not simply to pile up more words. Rather copiousness was about providing options, building stylistic fluency that would allow writers to draw upon a large array of articulations, choosing the most desirable.(Steven Lynn, Rhetoric and Composition: An Introduction. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010) Backlash Against CopiaThe latter part of the sixteenth century and the first part of the seventeenth witnessed a reaction against eloquence, specifically against Ciceronian style as a model for writers, both in Latin and in vernacular literature (Montaigne, for example)... The anti-Ciceronians distrusted eloquence as something speciously ornamental, therefore insincere, self-conscious, unsuited for expressing private or adventurous reflections or disclosures of the self... It was [Francis] Bacon, not inappropriately, who wrote the epitaph of copia in that famous passage of his Advancement for Learning (1605) where he describes the first distemper of learning when men study words and not matter....It is ironical that in later years Bacon came to dislike the excesses of Senecan style nearly as much as those of copie. It is likewise ironical that the man who deplored the former popularity of copia was, of all writers in his time, most responsive to the advice in De copia about collectin g notes. Bacons obsessive fondness in his writings for sententiae, aphorisms, maxims, formulae, apophthegms, his promptuary, and his habit of keeping commonplace books were a tribute to the methods taught by Erasmus and the other humanists. Bacon was more indebted to prescriptions for copia than he allowed, and his prose leaves little doubt that he was studious of words as well as matter.(Craig R. Thompson, Introduction to Collected Works of Erasmus: Literary and Educational Writings I. University of Toronto Press, 1978)

Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Leadership - Essay Example To practically calculate the cost of nursing care, I referred to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at different situations and had different acuity levels. PCS would be calculated on the following:  To practically calculate the cost of nursing care, I referred to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at different situations and had different acuity levels. PCS would be calculated on the following:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 4 patients were in a condition to be discharged and had acuity level 1: 4 X 1= 4.†¢ 4 patients were under therapy and had acuity level 4: 4 X 4= 16.†¢ 4 patients were under regular had acuity level 2: 4 X 2= 8.This total of 28 hours would be expanded by adding further 48 hours of an 8-hour shift for 8 patients who did not discharge in 8 hours which makes a total of 76 hours. This grand total of 76 hours can be used to determine Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit.However, this formula does not give an accurate value because it does not have space for variances made according to situations. For instance, if a patient was acquiring 2 hours and later demands 3 hours due to some uncertainty in patient’s condition. The cost is still being evaluated for 2 hours and thus giving 3 hours till the patient get stable. To neutralize these differences, Relative Value Unit as an index number is given to each unit based on the amount of resources which can be managed to produce nursing care.  For instance, $1,250,000 is given to a unit which has total RVUs of 5,196.50.... 4 patients were under therapy and had acuity level 4: 4 X 4= 16. 4 patients were under regular had acuity level 2: 4 X 2= 8. This total of 28 hours would be expanded by adding further 48 hours of an 8 hour shift for 8 patients who did not discharge in 8 hours which makes a total of 76 hours. This grand total of 76 hours can be used to determine Full Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit. However, this formula does not give an accurate value because it does not have space for variances made according to situations. For instance if a patient was acquiring 2 hours and later demands 3 hours due to some uncertainty in patient’s condition. The cost is still being evaluated for 2 hours and thus giving 3 hours till the patient get stable. To neutralize these differences, Relative Value Unit as an index number is given to each unit based on amount of resources (labor and capital) which can be managed to produce nursing care (Kelly, 2008). For instance $1,250,000 is given to a unit which has total RVUs of 5,196.50. The amount will be divided by RVU’s to bring out the cost per RVU. For instance $1,250,000/ 5,196.50 = $ 240.55 per RVU. Thus the cost of one patient of level 4 acuity will be $ 240.55 X 4= $962.2 for one day. This formula of calculating the nursing cost does not either gives an exact cost because situations can vary and can demand excess resources. Thus there is no accurate calculation system to recognize exact nursing cost. It all depends on the acuity level which itself is not certain but varies according to patients conditions. These results can help outline the nursing care budget which is helpful to envision all pro’s and con’s to later deal with the finances affectively (Kelly, 2008). Dq2#2)

Learning Plan Outcome Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Plan Outcome Report - Essay Example Patient assessment skills in the area of emergency nursing are important for several reasons (Sbaih, 2001). The most important of them is gradually increasing patient loads and increased waiting time. Nurses may segregate patients needing immediate attendance by being able to identify the patients with serious problems. This also fulfils two graduate qualities of the nurses, which are ability to apply knowledge in real situations and ability to identify the methodological and substantive limitations of the field and to apply a disciplined mode of enquiry in practice. To be able to apply nursing assessment skills in the patients with TIA needs ability to execute a detailed central nervous system examination to know whether the patient is progressing towards CVA. This is a changing situation in the patient's clinical status which can be determined through a thorough clinical examination. This clinical information must be located, evaluated, managed, and used in the clinical context of the patient's condition. It is evident that the clinical skill of the nurse in this context will be limited, and an accurate assessment of learning will imbibe this point (Schriver et al., 2003). This means this would also involve the capacity to evaluate current knowledge. In the real clinical scenario of the Emergency Department, this means an independent demonstration of the skill, and therefore, it means taking the responsibility for learning development. In order to reach a diagnosis which would classify the urgency of the patient means responding confidently to changing clinical scenarios in a flexible and adaptable manner, and a critical thinking approach would develop through this which would also promote sustenance of intellectual interest for further learning (Hageness et al., 2003) Product Information Fact Sheet on Clinical Assessment of TIA and CVA in the Emergency Nursing Q1. What is TIA Ans 1. TIA or transient ischemic attack is a state of transient deficiency of cerebrovascular blood supply leading to alterations in vision or speech, dizziness, weakness, a sudden fall, or a temporary paralysis on one side of the body. Usually, this is reversible, but calls for a detailed neurological examination to rule out any permanent neurological deficits (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 2004). Q2. What is CVA Ans 2. CVA or cerebrovascular accident is also known as stroke or brain attack. By definition, it is occurrence and persistence of neurologic dysfunction for more than 24 hours as a result of disruption of blood supply to the brain in an irreversible manner (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 2004). Q3. How does CVA occur Ans 3. Most of the CVAs are ischemic. About 30% of these patients may have hemorrhage within the brain to be attended, supported, admitted, and managed immediately for higher mortality and morbidity. Thus, in the emergency nursing area, it is important to identify the categories of these patients so appropriate management can be provided (Hickey, 2004). Q4. What are the other associated conditions in these patients Ans 4. TIA or CVA originates from diseases of the blood vessels. In some patients the associated heart disease is the cause of TIA or CVA. Hypertension is commonly associated with most of these cases. While assessing a patient with CVA, it is to be remembered that many

Art Review on Piece of Art Work by Ber Vasques Essay

Art Review on Piece of Art Work by Ber Vasques - Essay Example With these stencils he sprayed dark pink paint, which fell onto the sewed pink lines. Regarding the face, the artist used pieces of men’s underwear. He sews the face using this underwear, which had been dyed using different intensities of pink color. This sewing created a great interaction between the external and the internal contours (Cuff & Mattson, 1982). The Spanish adjectives used here had a significant meaning. These adjectives are words that cam up as a result of the subject being portrayed, in other words, the portrait’s subject. These portraits include Sheriff Joe Arpaio in Maricopa County in Arizona. The artist also had a consideration for those audiences who were not Spanish, for instance the English audience. This consideration can be reflected by the fact that the artist used Spanish words, which are understandable to English speakers. These words used are cognates to English. For instance, facista, segregacionista and racista are the different Spanish wor ds, which may mean face, segregation and racist. The portrait was a prison warden. The artist had noticed something about the warden that was a matter of concern. In order to blow the whistle, he applied his artistic capacities to express his point. In the portrait, the artist was capturing the features that were associated with the warden. His portrait was made using pink dye since he was fond of making the prisoners under his responsibility wear pink underwear. Therefore, this was an art of stereotypical and comical stripped uniforms (Grant, 2010). The person portrayed by the artist is famous for his support for Arizona’s Act, The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhood Act. The law enforcement officers used this act in determining the immigration status of an individual especially when the suspicion is reasonable enough that the person is illegitimate immigrant who is only after perpetration of racial profiling. The jail that the portrait is in charge is in bad b ooks since it is accused of violating inmate’s constitutional rights. They for instance, endanger the health of the inmates by denying them medical attention even when they have serious mental and medical issues (Huxley, 1982). The portrait, therefore, reveals the bad side of the prison warden. The department of justice is looking for him so that he can cooperate in the investigations accusing him of unconstitutional seizures and searches as well as discrimination. Therefore, the artist accomplished his goal by beating him in is own game. He used his techniques to hit back at him. He stripped him, compromising his masculinity and then went ahead to dishonor or disrespects him in his own official portrait. What is challenging regarding him is the idea of understanding his hate. It is also harder for his violence, pride and denigration of human beings to be understood since he is an officer, who is expected to be far away from this (Reyner, 2007). The examination of the Ber Vas quez’s image also brings into focus a couple of ideas and messages that were meant to be communicated during the creation of this particular work of art. Consequently, it is very possible to break the image into smaller parts in order to obtain a vivid understanding the whole image. By this deconstruction, it is clear that the interpretation of the ideas conveyed by the image would come not from the actual meaning of the image, but from the different roles played by the different components

Glasgow Coma and Glasgow Outcome Scales for Brain Injury

Glasgow Coma and Glasgow Outcome Scales for Brain Injury ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in adults under the age of 45 and an estimated 7.7 million people in the European Union are living with a disability caused by TBI. The severities of these injuries are differentiated by the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and the outcome is assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). These scales can be used to develop a prognosis for individuals with TBI’s in various ways. Primarily, the lower the GCS score the more severe the brain injury and therefore the worse the outcome for the patient. The GOS is applied 6 months after injury and provides a score of 1-5 with a lower score indicating the worse outcome, death. To conclude GCS by itself cannot be used to provide a long term prognosis for brain injuries. GCS can be used in addition to other factors such as presence of a midline shift on Computer Tomography and fixed pupil dilations are significant in determining prognosis. The presence of lesions on the brainst em correlates with the GCS and GOS scores allowing reliable and valid prognosis’ to be made. INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects an estimated 1.4 million people every year in the United Kingdom (UK)[1], and is a leading cause of death in adults under the age of 45. [2] It is currently estimated that at least 7.7 million people in the European Union are living with disabilities caused by TBI’s. [3] TBI’s account for 6.6% of the Accident Emergency (AE) attendees. [4] 95% of all TBI’s presented at AE are mild, 5% severe and moderate injuries. [5] It is extremely important to determine the severity of the TBI as it has implications on the treatment and later rehabilitation of the patient. TBI can be open or closed injuries, with open TBI injuries being linked to worse functional outcomes and increased mortality. The most common method of assessing TBI is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and a common method for addressing the outcome of a patient is the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). WHAT IS THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE? The GCS is a test to ascertain the consciousness of a patient after being subject to a TBI. The maximum score with this scale is 15 and the minimum 3, this is comprised of three sections: eye opening, verbal response and motor response. (Table 1). GCS is included in National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline on head injury3 to provide information on survival rates for patients suffering different severities of TBI. The guideline also indicates that GCS is a measurement that should be taken at the scene of the injury by paramedics. If this is not possible it should be taken at admission to AE as early indication of TBI severity is imperative in the later treatment. The GCS differentiates between the severities of head injury by score ranges. A GCS of 13-15 indicates a mild head injury, 9-12 moderate and 3-8 severe. The GCS score can be affected by the time it is applied after injury, therefore in order to universalise this, GCS is often used once the patient has been stabilised.4 The GCS can be difficult to use in trauma cases, as localised trauma, swelling, sedation and intubation can affect testing the eye and verbal responses. [6] [7] In a survey performed by The European Brain Injury Consortium only 49% of patients could be tested fully against the scale after being stabilised in resuscitation.[8] Feature Response Score Total Eye Opening Spontaneously 4 To speech 3 To pain 2 No response 1 E: /4 Verbal Response Orientated 5 Confused 4 Inappropriate words 3 Incomprehensible words 2 No response 1 V: /5 Motor Response Obeys commands 6 Localises pain 5 Withdraws from pain 4 Flexion to pain 3 Extension t pain 2 No response 1 M:/6 Total Score GCS /15 Table 1- Glasgow Coma Scale Components of the GCS and how each section is scored individually Adapted from: Bethel J. 2012, Emergency care of children and adults with head injury, Nursing Standard, 26(43), 49-56 The GCS is considered by some to have acceptable inter-rater reliability[9] when used by experienced practitioners. However mistakes are made consistently by inexperienced users of up to 1 mark per section. Inter-rater reliability was shown to improve after exposure to a training video.[10] Reliability with scoring is imperative in making accurate TBI severity diagnosis, and then the relevant treatment associated with them. In severe TBI’s the motor component of the GCS is the best indicator of prognosis, this is due to verbal and eye scores not being able to be performed. [11] This has led to an adaption of the motor score of the GCS, called the simplified motor score (SMS). The SMS has 3 scores: 2 obey commands, 1 localises pain and 0 withdrawal to pain.[12] It was found that the SMS and GCS were useful in indicating whether neurosurgery was needed and also intubation. Overall GCS was better in predicting chance of death, however SMS was able to be used to assess patient involved in trauma more effectively as intubation and eye swelling would not be detrimental.12 This indicates that SMS may be better used in conjunction with GCS with patients who present to AE with severe head trauma. HOW CAN THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE BE USED IN BRAIN INJURY PROGNOSIS? A more severe TBI will lead to a worse 6-month functional outcome for the patient. 30% of patients with initial GCS [13] and 50% of patients with GCS ≠¤8 after being stabilized in resuscitation will die.6 Patients who have a GCS score of 3-5 have a 5% chance of survival 6 months after injury.[14] There is no direct correlation between GCS score and the patient’s ability to function in daily life afterwards. This is due to varied functional outcomes being linked to different scores on the GCS.[15] Patients with GCS ≠¥8 had 85% chance of favourable prognosis, if this score was obtained 24 hours post-admission.[16] The predictive value of GCS scores alter according to the time at which the score was obtained. GCS scores obtained at least 24 hours after trauma were linked to the grade the TBI was classified by MRI data. These grades are associated with brain stem lesions, grade 4 being the worst and grade 1 the best. The higher the GCS score the lower the grade of brainstem lesion and therefore the better prognosis in terms of functional outcome for the patient. 14 In a study performed by Utomo et al there were no patients with GCS 3-8 that were living independently 6 months after injury. In addition patients with this GCS score were 24 times more likely to die when compared to patients with GCS score 13-15.[17] GCS alone cannot accurately predict the brain injury prognosis for a patient. However, if GCS is applied with computer tomography (CT) evidence and pupil dilations, then a prognosis of possible functional outcome can be made for an individual patient.[18] WHAT IS THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE? The GOS was developed to assess functional recovery of patients with brain injuries.[19] The GOS is based on a structured interview that assesses 7 areas: consciousness, independence at home, independence in the community, work, leisure and social events, relationship with family and friends and finally return to normal life.[20] The area in which the patient is living is not taken into account with the GOS but is taken note of separately. GOS is often split into two broad outcomes: favourable and unfavourable. Favourable outcome encompasses good recovery and moderately disabled. Unfavourable outcome includes: death, persistent vegetative state and severely disabled.9 The standard GOS has a 5 point scale (Table 2) but was extended after concerns were raised that it was not sensitive enough in detecting minor disabilities that may restrict the patient in returning to work. This led to the GOS extended (GOSE) being devised. Guidance has been published to increase the universal reliability of the GOSE[21], but there are still issues with its application. This is mainly due to the time period between the TBI and the GOSE being applied, this is normally taken at 6-12 months post injury. A GOS assessment at 12 months was more reliable than at 6 months[22], but it may increase the number of patients lost in follow up. 10% of patients who were moderately or severely disabled at the 6 month GOS test improved by one category. GOS GOS(extended) 1 Death 1 Death 2 Persistent Vegetative State 2 Persistent Vegetative State 3 Severely Disabled 3 Lower Severely Disabled 4 Upper Severely Disabled 4 Moderately Disabled 5 Lower Moderately Disabled 6 Upper Moderately Disabled 5 Good recovery 7 Lower Good Recovery 8 Upper Good Recovery Table 2 Glasgow Outcome Scale Shows on the left hand side the original GOS (5 point scale) and on the right the extended GOS (8 point scale) Adapted from: Nichol A, Higgins A, Gabbe B, Murray L, Cooper D, Cameron P. 2011, Measuring functional and quality of life outcomes following major head injury: Coma scales and checklists, Injury, 42(3), 281-287 The 5 sections of the GOS refer to the functional ability that will ultimately be achieved by the patient. Vegetative state refers to the patient being unable to respond; severely disabled patients cannot live on their own; moderately disabled patients can live by their selves but have reduced ability to work; good recovery infers that the patient returns to work fully.[23] It is also possible that the patient when interviewed presents a more positive outlook of their situation leading to the GOS score being faulty. In addition to this a patient may be given a GOS score of 5 indicating a good recovery, but this only refers to the patient being able to return to work. With a good recovery prognosis may still have changes in personality and an inability to cope in social situations.20 This leads to the GOS not fully indicating a good recovery, again highlighting the reason why the GOSE was devised. Under these circumstances a patient can be given a GOSE score of 7 indicating a lower good recovery. The GOS and the GOSE scores can be obtained via phone call increasing their practicality as a scale. This scale is reliable when performed over the phone due to the standardized interview which informs the score that the patient will receive.19 HOW CAN THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE BE USED IN BRAIN INJURY PROGNOSIS? When applied to the GOS a patient with a severe TBI had 40% likelihood of death; 4% chance of being in a vegetative state; 16% severe disability; 19% moderate disability and 21% chance of a good recovery.6 This was a 40% likelihood of a favourable functional outcome at the 6-month GOS test. This is compared to mild brain injury that had 9% chance of dying; 0% of being in a vegetative state; 14% of severe disability; 24% of moderate disability and 53% of having a good recovery.6 This has a 77% overall prognosis of a favourable outcome for individuals with a mild brain injury. This shows that the GOS will make a differentiation in functional outcome for different severity of brain injury. This score is unlikely to change from an unfavourable to favourable outcome after this time period although some small improvements may be seen.18 Any further improvement is probably linked to rehabilitative treatment, and not the improvement of the patient’s TBI. There is a 94% chance of a good recovery with GCS >8.5 (9 +) and age ≠¤49.5 years. This is compared to an 81% chance of good recovery with GCS >8.5 (9 +) and age ≠¥49.5 years. This highlights how age can affect the probability of a patient achieving a good recovery from their brain injury.[24] Patient’s aged >75 years with a moderate or severe TBI were three times more likely to die from their TBI than patients aged 65-74 years. It was also less common for patients aged >75 years to be living independently 6 months post-injury than patients that were younger.15 The age of the patient and the severity of their TBI need to be taken into account when deciding on treatment. The prognoses for individuals in the 75+ age range are unfavourable according to the GOS. 15 Due to this treatment should be decided based on this factor. There is a correlation between the GOC score a patient is given and the grade of their brainstem lesion that is provided by MRI data. A higher grade of brainstem lesion correlates to a more unfavourable outcome for the patient.14 CONCLUSIONS Overall the GCS cannot by itself provide either long or short term brain injury prognosis. This is because there are too many variables that affect each GCS score, including the fluctuation of the GOS associated with these scores and the difference in reliability depending on who has applied the scale. The GCS is used to assess the severity of a brain injury and to allow medical professionals to constantly monitor the patient’s progress. GOS can be used to give prognosis 6 to 12 months after injury; if the scale is used before this time then the score will not indicate the full functional outcome of the patient. This time period of scoring is not beneficial for prognosis at such a time that it will be used to inform treatment of the patient. The GOS does not provide a long term prognosis for brain injury as over time and with rehabilitation improvements can be made past what is predicted. Due to the time period necessary for GOS to be more accurately applied, the GCS can be used for the interim on a general scale in order to infer the likely GOC score a patient may receive. This score will be linked to other factors such as age, pupil dilation and presence of a midline shift on computer tomography, in addition to initial GCS score.18 To conclude the GCS and GOS are vital in identifying the severity of brain injury and are still the most used scales for their purpose due to their simplicity and acceptable reliability. The use of these scales in brain injury prognosis helps direct treatment for individual patients, and allows realistic individual rehabilitation goals to be made for that individual. References [1]Hodgkinson D, Berry E, Yates D. 1994, Mild head injury – a positive approach to management, European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1(1), 9-12 [2] Moppett I. 2007, Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 99(1), 18-31 [3] Roozenbeek B, Maas A, Menon D. 2013, Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury, Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(4), 231-236 [4] Swann I, Walker A. 2001, Who cares for the patient with head injury now?, Emergency Medicine, 18(5), 352-357 [5] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2014 Head Injury; Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176/resources/guidance-head-injury-pdf (Accessed 18/03/2015) [6] Chieregato A, Martino C, Pransani V, Nori G, Russo E, Simini B et al. 2010, Classification of traumatic brain injury: the Glasgow Coma Scale is not enough, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanavica,  54(6), 696-702 [7] Kushner D, Johnson-Greene D. 2014, Changes in cognition and continence as predictors of rehabilitation outcomes in individuals with severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development, 57(7), 1057-1068 [8] Murray G, Teasdale G, Braakman R et al. 1999, The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries, Acta neurochirurgica, 141(3), 223-236 [9] Rowley G, Fielding K. 1991, Reliability and accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Scale with experienced and inexperienced users, Lancet, 337(8740), 535-538 [10] McLernon S. 2014, The Glasgow Coma Scale 40 years on: A review of its practical use, British Journal od Neuroscience Nursing, 10(4), 179-184 [11]  Lingsma H, Roozenbeek B, Steyerberg E, Murray G, Maas A. 2010, Early prognosis in traumatic brain injury: from prophecies to predictions, Lancet Neurology 9(5), 543-554 [12] Singh B, Murad H, Prokop L, Erwin P, Wang Z, Parsaik A, et al. 2013, Meta-analysis of Glasgow Coma Score and Simplified Motor Score in predicting traumatic brain injury outcomes, Brain Injury, 27(3), 293-300 [13] Thornhill S, Teasdale G, Murray G, McEwan J, Roy C, Penny K. 2000, Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: prospective cohort study, British Medical Journal 320(7250), 1631-1635 [14] Maas A, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. 2008, Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults, the Lancet Neurology, 7(8), 728-741 [15]  Udekwu P, Kromhout-Schiro S, Vaslef S, Baker C, Oller D. 2004, Glasgow coma scales score, mortality, and functional outcome in head-injured patients, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgey, 56(5), 1084-1089 [16] Woischneck D, Firsching R, Schmitz B, Kapapa T. 2013, The prognostic reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injuries: evaluation of MRI data, European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 39(1), 79-86 [17] Utomo W, Gabbe B, Simpson P, Cameron P. 2009, Predictors of in-hospital mortality and 6-moth functional outcomes in older adults after moderate to severe brain injury, Injury, 40(9), 973-977 [18]  Husson E, Ribbers G, Willemse-van Son A, Stam H. 2010, Prognosis of six-month functioning after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(1), 425-436 [19]  Brooks D, Hosie J, Bond M, Jennett B, Aughton M. 1986, Cognitive sequelae of severe head injury I relation to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 49(5), 549-553 [20] Jourdan c, Bosserelle V, Azerad S, Ghout I, Bayen E, Aegerter P, Weiss J, Mateo J, Lescot T, Vigue B, Razarourte K, Pradat-Diehl P, Azouvi P. 2013, Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of a cohort of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: results from PariS-TBI study, Brain Injury, 27(9), 1000-1007 [21] Wilson J, Pettigrew L, Teasdale G. 1998, Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use, Journal of Neuro-trauma, 15(8), 573-587 [22] Nalt J. 2001, Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: A review, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(6), 837-851 [23] : Nichol A, Higgins A, Gabbe B, Murray L, Cooper D, Cameron P. 2011, Measuring functional and quality of life outcomes following major head injury: Coma scales and checklists, Injury, 42(3), 281-287 [24] Oh H, Seo W. 2013, Development of a decision tree analysis model that predicts recovery from acute brain injury , Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10(1), 89-97

What is Cancer :: essays research papers

What is Cancer The article entitled â€Å"What Is Cancer?† from the American Cancer Society’s web site discussed how cancer forms and effects people in different ways depending on what type of cancer they have. It also mentioned how cancers are treated and ways to prevent cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cancer forms from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. When we are born we all have normal cells that continually grow until adulthood. We also have abnormal cells that are in our body. As we reach adulthood our normal body cells stop dividing for growth purposes and only divide to replace dead or damaged cells. The abnormal cells in our body continue to divide even into adulthood and form cancerous cells. Most cancers develop into tumors while others flow throughout the body via the body’s bloodstream. An example of this is leukemia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not all tumors that are created in the body by the abnormal cells become cancerous however. Some tumors called benign tumors are not cancerous and will not affect the body in as harmful ways as cancerous tumors would. Benign tumors are still dangerous however there size can be harmful to the body by growing in places that they are not needed and putting pressure on other parts of the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All types of cancer are different and respond to different types of treatment. Different cancers also have different rates of growth. These different rates of growth are what cause different cancers to be more harmful than others. Cancer is the second leading killer in the United States. Over half of men and one third of women will develop cancer in their lifetimes. Millions of people are now living with cancer because of new treatments that have become available through extensive research.

Interventions in order to increase the National Achievement Test of 4th Year Students of Malabon National High School Essay

The primordial purpose of this study is to provide the students with a complete and balanced education and to develop their performance in National Achievement Test (Nat) . Thus, the results of this study will benefit the students, the teachers and the school administrators. This study is significant because it will provide the indispensable facts for the students of Malabon National High School who were taking the National Achievment Test (NAT). including the faculty and school administrators as a result in a pervasive exposure of the aforementioned subjects. This study will serve as the basis for future plans of action by the school administrators with regard to the necessary actions for the school and for the students who were taking or will take the National Achievement Test (Nat). Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly involved are the following: This study will not only benefit the school administrators but also the entire student body as it will create a milieu of awareness about the Interventions in order to increase the National Achievement Test (NAT). The teacher and students of the Malabon National High School including the out-of-school youth will have a better understanding of the limitation; Importance of the National Achievement Test will enable them to know the area of difficulty and strength thereby guiding them in reconstructing their programs to suit their needs. Furthermore, this study will serve as a theoretical model for future studies of the same nature if ever the existing problem has penetrated in this case will exist in the future. Future researchers will benefit from this study, and it will provide them the facts needed to compare their study during their respective time and usability.

Falling Angels Practice Essay Essay Example

Falling Angels Practice Essay Essay Example Falling Angels Practice Essay Essay Falling Angels Practice Essay Essay Many of his works have been mostly influenced by a number of once styles he has either seen or studied such as folk dance, romantic classical, ballet style and neo-classical, while also incorporating jazz style. Sir Skylines Falling Angels is clearly presented though the use of space based on the elements of dance to communicate the main intent of the work which can be described as the conformity felt by women. The beginning of the work in the first phrase shows the 8 female dancers slowly emerging from the anonymous blackness of the upstage, traveling In a forward direction to the forefront. Once all 8 dancers eave entered the forefront of the stage slowly, the lighting then changes Into individual box- Like shapes, one for each Individual dancer. All 8 dancers are distributed across the performance space In an x- like floor pattern. In terms of shape, Skylarks Falling Angels shows a use of both angular and curved shapes. Within the middle section of the work, the eight dancers pull on their black leotards to create a curved, pregnant like shape. Furthermore, at the very ending position, the dancers end in a shape that involves the elbow braced with splayed hands, head heron back, legs apart In parallel, feet in doors flexing with knees slightly elevated in a low level as they rest on their backs with their focus upwards in a childbirth position. : Sir Julian has used an extensive amount of space throughout his choreography that suggests how women were seen as mens toys or that they are obsessive over body Image, Being too fat or skinny. The use of time captured throughout the work can be clearly described through the relationship between the drumming accompaniment and the movement. The Drumming composed by Steve Reich begins with a simple rhythmic pattern tapped by a stick on a bongo drum. In the first phrase of the work, there is no drumming, just complete silence which sets up natural rhythm . Then, as the single beat of drumming occurs, the dancers execute a single accent in canon with the wing-like shape motif used throughout the whole work. As the drumming continues into double and triple beats, it starts to layer while the movement corresponds and becomes more fast and complex. One beat of the rum equals one movement while 2 beats of the drum equals 2 movements. However, towards the end of the work, the dancers move with their own internal/ natural rhythms, while almost ignoring the beat of the drums. Sir Julian has effectively used time throughout his work to create variation In the way the dancers respond using movement. The movement choreographed by Sir Julian clearly shows a vast range of dynamics to further the quality of movement convey through the concepts of conformity felt by women. Seen wealth the work, there Is a section involving the dancers executing a much sustained upright shift in weight while rocking. I nerve Is a Susanne percussive accent Involving a Jerk or spasm AT ten Knee. This creates variation and contrast within the same phrase. In the middle section of the work, there is a clear relationship seen between the drumming accompaniment and the percussive and sustained dynamics as the layering of the music begins. The Sustained and percussive dynamics are used in Falling angels when all the dancers in unison ooze into the floor in parallel, knees and feet together, with the extension in he flick motif of the arms in a wing-like shape with their focus down. Through the use of this drumming, the timing of Falling Angels provokes the dancers being consumed by the beats as is travels throughout their entire body causing them to react synthetically. Therefore Julian has successfully used dynamic to further the audiences understanding of how the staccato dynamics reflect the dancers kinesthesia response. In conclusion Sir Julian has used space, time and dynamics to reflect intellectual, emotional and physical content of the females.

Free Essays on The Early Empire

The Early Empire- Roman Architecture Rome has so many beautiful features about it, that I didn’t know where to begin. I decided that I would talk about the architecture of early Rome. There are plenty of architectural buildings built in early Rome. These buildings set the building point for a lot of famous buildings today. For example, the Colosseum is just one of the buildings that a lot of sports arenas have imamate. I will talk about this and other buildings and give you information about them. With the birth of the empire there emerged a desire to glorify the power of Rome by erecting splendid buildings and civic monuments. It was believed that art should be created in the service of the state. Although Roman expansionism left a wake of death and destruction, it was responsible for the construction of cities and the provision of basic human services in the conquered areas. To their subject peoples, the Roman conquerors gave the benefits of urban planning, including apartment buildings, roads, and bridges. They also provided police and fire protection, water systems, sanitation, inhabitants, including gymnasiums, public baths, and theaters. Thus, even in defeat, many peoples reaped benefits because of the Roman desire to glorify the empire through visible contributions. Although the Romans adopted structural systems and certain motifs from Greek architecture, they introduced several innovations in building design. The most significant of these was the arch, and, after the second century, the use of concrete to replace cut stone. The combination of these two elements resulted in domed and vaulted structures that were not part of the Greek process. One of the most outstanding of the Romans, civic projects is the aqueduct, which carried water over long distances. The Pont du Gard is part of an aqueduct system in southern France tha... Free Essays on The Early Empire Free Essays on The Early Empire The Early Empire- Roman Architecture Rome has so many beautiful features about it, that I didn’t know where to begin. I decided that I would talk about the architecture of early Rome. There are plenty of architectural buildings built in early Rome. These buildings set the building point for a lot of famous buildings today. For example, the Colosseum is just one of the buildings that a lot of sports arenas have imamate. I will talk about this and other buildings and give you information about them. With the birth of the empire there emerged a desire to glorify the power of Rome by erecting splendid buildings and civic monuments. It was believed that art should be created in the service of the state. Although Roman expansionism left a wake of death and destruction, it was responsible for the construction of cities and the provision of basic human services in the conquered areas. To their subject peoples, the Roman conquerors gave the benefits of urban planning, including apartment buildings, roads, and bridges. They also provided police and fire protection, water systems, sanitation, inhabitants, including gymnasiums, public baths, and theaters. Thus, even in defeat, many peoples reaped benefits because of the Roman desire to glorify the empire through visible contributions. Although the Romans adopted structural systems and certain motifs from Greek architecture, they introduced several innovations in building design. The most significant of these was the arch, and, after the second century, the use of concrete to replace cut stone. The combination of these two elements resulted in domed and vaulted structures that were not part of the Greek process. One of the most outstanding of the Romans, civic projects is the aqueduct, which carried water over long distances. The Pont du Gard is part of an aqueduct system in southern France tha...

Delegation & Empowerment Annotated Bibliography

Delegation & Empowerment - Annotated Bibliography Example Curtis, E., & Nicoll, H. (2004). Delegation: A Key Function of Nursing. Nursing Management, 11(4), pp. 26-31. Curtis and Nicoll have managed to discuss delegation and employee empowerment as a key attribute of effective leadership. They have discussed various theories of effective leadership and have used works of other scholars to emphasize on the importance of delegation in an environment where team works is an essential element. Following the outcomes of these theories, they have presented an easy step-by-step guide of effective delegation, whilst discussing benefits of delegation and empowerment for delegators and delegtees. They have also mentioned the factors that can hinder the effectiveness of delegation process and the importance of delegation in organizational settings. Curtis and Nicoll are both highly learned and well-educated lecturers at the school of nursing and midwifery studies, Trinity College, University of Dublin. The work that they have presented mainly address registered nurses and importance of delegation for nurses however that discussion is only limited to the introduction part and rest of it is rather generalized, which can interest any regular reader. This peer-reviewed article will help in understanding the fundamental concepts of delegation and the factors affecting the personnel involved along with the process of delegation, itself. The article further outlines the basic concepts and general layout of the delegation process which will help in understanding the dynamics of this phenomenon.... The article itself sheds light on the importance of delegation and empowerment in today’s organizations. The article asserts that given today’s delayered organizational structure, managers are required to ensure that employees are provided with necessary knowledge and authority to perform the tasks assigned with them effectively. Swarnalatha and Prasanna have discussed the approaches to empowerment of employees along with conditions necessary for empowerment. One positive attribute of this article is discussion regarding the role of organizational structure and policies in employees’ empowerment in the process of delegation. The research has thus moved its focus from personnel to organization which makes it address the holistic dimensions of this process. At the end, the article discussed process and advantages of empowerment at length. Hoch, J., White, K., Starkey, C., & Krause, B.A. (2009). Delegation and Empowerment in CAATE Accredited Athletic Training Educat ion Programs. Athletic Training Education Journal, 4, pp. 139-43. The research contains a quantitative analysis along with theoretical discussion regarding delegation and empowerment of department heads, in this case, program directors. The research helps in identifying the possible reasons behind managers choosing to delegate or not delegate some of their tasks to their juniors. Except Hoch, all the other researchers are PhDs and have authored other articles on the similar subjects. Where other articles were helpful in having literary information about established theories, this research helps in understanding practical implications of these theories. The research has two dimensions. At one end, it sheds light on the program directors/ managers perspective and also identifies

Individual politics assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual politics assignment - Essay Example Department also considers the financial needs of every policy (A.H.C. S.A, 2004). In her budget of 2014, the Australian government made certain policies directed towards bringing new changes to the health sector. The Minister of Health mentioned three policies in the Dutton conference. The paper analyses these policies to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The paper also identifies the perspectives of the claims presented. It will also make some comparison between the stated plans with those of foreign countries. Australia has a high percentage of ageing people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Unlike in the 1970 and 1971, a youthful generation has dropped to 22% from 31% in the early 1970s (M.H.C.C. A.C.T., & C.S S., 2007). The government through its various departments projects that in the coming 40 years, 25% of the Australian population will be people with over 65 years of age (Australia, 2011). In the health sector, the country is facing the problems associated with old age. The government understands this and is planning to offer more support for the sector so that it can improve its services to serve more people. Currently, the public health system is only able to serve, on a weekly basis, 170 people diagnosed with dementia. However, the country has to prepare for the future. The government projects that in 2050; there would be 7,500 cases of dementia per week (W.A.C.O.S.H, 2007). The country thus has to get ready to face such an issue in the future. Therefore, in the 2014 budg et, the government allocated more money for the expansion of services like genomics testing in MRI and MBS screening. The argument of the government is valid considering the real situation in Australia. There is a sociological problem. Australian population is aging at high rate. The health sector has to prepare to face this

Electronic commerce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic commerce - Assignment Example The US government is against internet gambling because it leads to gambling by minors, may be dangerous for compulsive gamblers, has potential for fraud, potential for organized crime, also money laundering. It is illegal for an unregistered pharmacy to sell prescription drugs to citizens over the internet. Prescription drugs must only be distributed under the professional supervision of a physician; otherwise it is considered as ‘misbranded’. Online pharmacies that provide these drugs without a prescription, therefore, operate illegally. Online pharmacies that provide diagnosis, prescription and distribution of drugs have to make a valid prescription; otherwise they will be considered as having distributed misbranded medication, which is illegal under the FDCA. The US government also does not approve the sale of prescription drugs over the internet, from countries whose quality and standards of the drugs are not the same as the US’s. The United States government stance on this is that a consumer should be given protection equivalent to that which he/she would have if dealing in the physical transaction. A buyer should also be made aware that some of the legal protections which he/she enjoys on off-line transactions may not apply on online transactions. Government should be at the forefront in protecting consumers through coordination with FTC at national level, and other locally oriented task

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay Example for Free

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay Patents are contracts between the society and the inventor to encourage development in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his rights and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. Once a patent is given by the patent office, the inventor has to work the invention by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a license. The patent office does not look at the potential commercial value of the invention whilst giving the patent. The invention should have a specific use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, there are several instances in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others interested to do so. This is a very serious situation, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it can benefit society. Some patentees may not work their invention due to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully hide or suppress technology from the public. One of the first such cases was the Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. case of 1908. In this case, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had not made his invention available to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people felt bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was not fulfilled. No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compulsory licenses were existent at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was unreasonable. They in fact tried to draw a line between ‘reasonable nonuse policy’ (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and ‘unreasonable nonuse policy’ (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention. Many breakthrough technologies exist which are being currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in road accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toothpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the anticompetitive intentions of their owners. Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be filed, which could give them earning in millions. An instance of this is a case between Minolta and Honeywell’s, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same. In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be used as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practices are strictly considered unlawful under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to monopolize, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act. Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be misused. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is limited and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)], the US permitted foreign nations to sue under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act. The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses for certain broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the company refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust violations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had destroyed businesses. The Company said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to another nation. However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also claim under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation [107 FRD 642, 1985], Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosing information needed to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit disclosure. However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to provide information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Company’s patent [1970; RPC, 580], the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U. S. 51 (1992)] provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime. Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodak’s products. In this case, a distinction is being made between ‘attempting monopolization’ and ‘attaining monopolizing by exploiting’. The court had to study the market situation to determine if the company was trying to control prices or destroy competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment. The court had said that both patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had gathered enough proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companies Nowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing their licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spinal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder. The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of healthy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn between these two conflicting legal regimes. In the case Illinois Tools Works V. Independent Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a market power over a patented product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had prohibited the customers from using non-patented ink. The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the impression that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would carry the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The primary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks. The court gave its decision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a drug. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original company’s patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period. Federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and was executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully suppresses the invetion from the public. A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case:- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. †¢ The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. †¢ The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. †¢ Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a sanction (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public); in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices. The concept of compulsory licenses developed following the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Merck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged in several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per year). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations. Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to supply the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that parallel imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders. Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). Some people feel that the patent system can create an obstruction in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.